The Kinks Profile

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Birth Name:The Ravens
Date of Birth: 1963
Place of Birth: London, England
Claim to Fame: Single Lola from album Lola versus Powerman and the Moneygoround (1970)

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The Kinks
extracted from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License

The Kinks
Four smiling young men leaning over the back of a green park bench, a row of three-story-tall residential buildings behind them. The man on the left wears a brown sports jacket and white turtleneck; the man to his right wears a black-and-white-striped pullover shirt; the man to his right (standing straighter, just behind the other three) wears a black suit and tie; the man on the far right wears a black sports jacket and white shirt.
Original lineup in 1965. From left: Pete Quaife, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, Mick Avory.
Background information
Origin London, England
Genres Rock, pop
Years active 1964–1996
Labels Pye, Reprise, RCA, Arista, London, MCA, Sony, Koch, Tower, Konk/Guardian
Associated acts Argent, The Kast Off Kinks
Former members
Ray Davies
Dave Davies
Mick Avory
Pete Quaife
Nicky Hopkins
John Dalton
John Gosling
Andy Pyle
Gordon John Edwards
Jim Rodford
Ian Gibbons
Bob Henrit
Mark Haley

The Kinks were an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London, by brothers Ray and Dave Davies in 1964. Categorized in the United States as a British Invasion band, The Kinks are recognized as one of the most important and influential rock acts of the era.12 Their music was influenced by a wide range of genres, including rhythm and blues, British music hall, folk, and country. The group initially consisted of Ray Davies (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Dave Davies (lead guitar, vocals), Pete Quaife (bass guitar, backup vocals), and Mick Avory (drums and percussion). The Davies brothers remained members throughout the group's 32-year run. Avory left in 1984, the result of a dispute with Dave Davies, and was replaced on drums by Bob Henrit. John Dalton played bass for part of 1966 after Quaife was injured in a car accident, and joined as a full-time member when Quaife left to set up his own band in 1969. Dalton remained until the late 1970s, when he was replaced by Jim Rodford. From 1965 to 1968, keyboardist Nicky Hopkins accompanied The Kinks during studio sessions. Several keyboardists were later members of the band, most notably John Gosling (1970–1978) and Ian Gibbons (1979–1989, 1992–1996).1

The Kinks first came to prominence in 1964 with their third single, "You Really Got Me", written by Ray Davies.23 It became an international hit, topping the charts in the United Kingdom and reaching the Top 10 in the United States.34 Between the mid-1960s and early 1970s, the group released a string of commercially and critically successful singles and LPs, and gained a reputation for songs and concept albums reflecting English culture and lifestyle, fuelled by Ray Davies' observational writing style.2 Albums such as Face to Face, Something Else, The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, Arthur, Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, and Muswell Hillbillies, along with their accompanying singles, are considered among the most influential recordings of the period.135 The subsequent theatrical concept albums met with less success, but the band experienced a revival during the New Wave era—groups such as The Jam, The Knack, and The Pretenders covered their songs, helping to boost The Kinks' record sales. In the 1990s, Britpop acts such as Blur and Oasis cited the band as a major influence.1 The Kinks broke up in 1996, a result of the commercial failures of their last few albums and creative tension between the Davies brothers.6

The Kinks had five Top 10 singles on the US Billboard chart. Nine of their albums charted in the Top 40.7 In the UK, the group had seventeen Top 20 singles on the British chart along with five Top 10 albums.8 Among numerous honours, they received the Ivor Novello Award for "Outstanding Service to British Music".9 In 1990, their first year of eligibility, the original four members of The Kinks were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.23

Contents

History

Formation (1962–1963)

A brown brick building. Visible is a door at left, with a bowfront window at right; various tomato plants are also visible growing in front of the window.
6 Denmark Terrace, the childhood home of the Davies brothers. Visible at right is the front room, location of the family's frequent Saturday night parties.

The Davies brothers were born in suburban North London on Huntingdon Road, East Finchley, the youngest and only boys among their family's eight children.10 Their parents, Frederick and Annie Davies, soon moved the family to 6 Denmark Terrace, Fortis Green Road, in the neighbouring suburb of Muswell Hill.11 At home they were immersed in a world of different musical styles, from the music hall of their parents' generation to the jazz and early rock and roll that their older sisters enjoyed.11 These musical experiences centred around nightlong parties held in the front room of their house, which made a great impression on the Davies brothers. Thomas Kitts writes, "The influence of these parties on The Kinks ... is remarkable. Whether consciously or unconsciously, [onstage] it seemed as if Ray was trying to recreate the Saturday night parties of his family's home—complete with chaos, beer, and singalongs."12 Both Ray and his brother Dave, younger by almost three years, learned to play guitar, and they played skiffle and rock and roll together.10

The brothers attended William Grimshaw Secondary Modern School (later merged with Fortismere School), where they formed a band, the Ray Davies Quartet, with Ray's friend and classmate Pete Quaife, and Quaife's friend John Start. Their debut at a school dance was well received, which encouraged the group to play at local pubs and bars. The band went through a series of lead vocalists; the most notable was Rod Stewart,13 another student at William Grimshaw,14 who performed with the group at least once in early 1962.15 He soon formed his own group, Rod Stewart and the Moonrakers, which became a local rival to the Ray Davies Quartet.1315 In late 1962, Ray Davies left home to study at Hornsey College of Art. He pursued interests in subjects such as film, sketching, theatre, and music such as jazz and blues. He gained experience as a guitarist with the Soho-based Dave Hunt Band, a professional group of musicians who played jazz and R&B.1617 Davies soon quit school and returned to Muswell Hill, where the brothers and Quaife re-formed their old group.16

The band performed under several names between 1962 and 1963—the Pete Quaife Band, The Bo-Weevils, The Ramrods, and The Ravens—before settling on The Kinks.318 The fledgling group unsuccessfully auditioned for various record labels until early 1964, when American record producer Shel Talmy secured them a contract with Pye Records. During this period they had acquired a new drummer, Mickey Willet; however, Willet left the band shortly before they signed to Pye.18 The Kinks invited Mick Avory to replace him after seeing an advertisement Avory had placed in Melody Maker.19 Avory had a background in jazz drumming, and had played one gig with the fledgling Rolling Stones.19

Commercial breakthrough and American touring ban (1964–1966)
"You Really Got Me"
"You Really Got Me" (1964) features a jagged, distorted guitar riff, created by Dave Davies' mauling of an amplifier. The Kinks' first hit, it topped the British charts and reached number seven in the United States.
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The Kinks' first single was a cover of the Little Richard song "Long Tall Sally". Despite the publicity efforts of the band's managers—Robert Wace, Grenville Collins, and ex-1950s showbiz star Larry Page—it was almost completely ignored. When their second single, "You Still Want Me", also failed to chart,20 Pye Records threatened to annul the group's contract unless their third single was successful.

"You Really Got Me" was released in August 1964,21 and, boosted by a performance on the television show Ready Steady Go!, quickly reached number one in the United Kingdom.22 After a quick import by the American label Reprise Records, it also made the Top 10 in the United States.4 The loud, distorted guitar riff—achieved by a slice Dave Davies made in the speaker cone of his Elpico amplifier (referred to by the band as the "little green amp")—gave the song its signature, gritty guitar sound.23 Extremely influential on the American garage rock scene, "You Really Got Me" is regarded as the first hard rock hit and the blueprint for related genres, such as heavy metal.23 Soon after its release, the group recorded most of the tracks for their debut LP, simply titled Kinks. Consisting largely of covers and revamped traditional songs, it was released on 2 October 1964, reaching number four on the UK chart.24 The group's fourth single, "All Day and All of the Night", another original hard rock tune, was released three weeks later, reaching number two in the United Kingdom,22 and number seven in the United States.423 The next singles, "Set Me Free" and "Tired of Waiting for You", were also commercially successful, the latter topping the UK singles chart.722

On a bench in a park sit five men, two seated and three standing behind the bench. Clockwise from left is a man in a black suit with Khaki pants; a man in a black suit with black pants; a man wearing a brown coat with Khaki pants and raising his arm jokingly as if to stab the sleeping man below him; a man, wearing a grey/light green coat and Khaki pants and holding out a hat above the sleeping man's head. The sleeping man is wearing green.
The Kinks amusing themselves during a Swedish tour in 1965

The Kinks made their first tour of Australia and New Zealand in January 1965 as part of a package bill that included Manfred Mann and The Honeycombs.25 An intensive performing schedule saw them headline other package tours throughout the year with acts such as The Yardbirds and Mickey Finn.26 Tensions began to emerge within the band, expressed in incidents such as the on-stage fight between Avory and Dave Davies at The Capitol Theatre, Cardiff, Wales on 19 May.2627 After finishing the first song, "You Really Got Me", Davies insulted Avory and kicked over his drum set.2627 Avory responded by hitting Davies with his hi-hat stand, rendering him unconscious, before fleeing from the scene, fearing that he had killed his bandmate. Davies was taken to Cardiff Royal Infirmary, where he received 16 stitches to his head.2627 To placate the police, Avory later claimed that it was part of a new act in which the band members would hurl their instruments at each other.2627 Following a mid-year tour of the United States, the American Federation of Musicians refused permits for the group to appear in concerts there for the next four years, effectively cutting off The Kinks from the main market for rock music at the height of the British Invasion.128 Although neither The Kinks nor the union gave a specific reason for the ban, at the time it was widely attributed to their rowdy on-stage behaviour.29

A stopover in Bombay, India, during the band's Australian tour had led Davies to write the song "See My Friends", released as a single in July 1965.30 This was an early example of crossover music and one of the first pop songs of the period to display the direct influence of traditional music from the Indian subcontinent.30 In his autobiography, X-Ray, Davies noted he was inspired to write "See My Friends" after hearing the songs of local fishermen during an early morning walk.

I remember getting up, going to the beach and seeing all these fishermen coming along. I heard chanting to start with, and gradually the chanting came a bit closer and I could see it was fishermen carrying their nets out. When I got to Australia I wrote lots of songs, and that one particularly.30

Music historian Jonathan Bellman argues that the song was "extremely influential" on Davies' musical peers: "And while much has been made of The Beatles' 'Norwegian Wood' because it was the first pop record to use a sitar, it was recorded well after The Kinks' clearly Indian 'See My Friends' was released."30

"There were only a few bands that had this sorta really rough-sounding, what we used to call 'R&B' style in the Sixties. There were the Yardbirds, there was us, there was the Pretty Things, as well."
—Dave Davies, interview with the Austin Chronicle31

Recording began promptly on their next project, Kinda Kinks, starting the day after their return from Asia. The LP—10 of whose 12 songs were originals—was completed and released within two weeks.323334 According to Ray Davies, the band was not completely satisfied with the final cuts,3334 but pressure from the record company meant that no time was available to fix certain flaws in the mix. Davies later expressed his dissatisfaction with the production, saying, "a bit more care should have been taken with it. I think [producer] Shel Talmy went too far in trying to keep in the rough edges. Some of the double tracking on that is appalling. It had better songs on it than the first album, but it wasn't executed in the right way. It was just far too rushed."34

A significant stylistic shift became evident in late 1965, with the appearance of singles like "A Well Respected Man" and "Dedicated Follower of Fashion", as well as the band's third album, The Kink Kontroversy.2 These recordings exemplified the development of Davies' songwriting style, from hard-driving rock numbers toward songs rich in social commentary, observation, and idiosyncratic character study, all with a uniquely English flavour.25 The band had recruited session musician Nicky Hopkins to play keyboards on the recording sessions. The satirical single "Sunny Afternoon" was the biggest UK hit of summer 1966, topping the charts and displacing The Beatles' "Paperback Writer".35 Before the release of The Kink Kontroversy, Ray Davies suffered a nervous and physical breakdown, caused by the pressures of touring, writing, and ongoing legal squabbles.32 During his months of recuperation, he wrote several new songs and pondered the band's direction.32 Quaife left the band for much of 1966 because of an automobile accident.32 After his recovery, he decided to step back from the band, so Avory's friend John Dalton took over on drums until Quaife returned to the group at the end of the year.1

"Sunny Afternoon" was a dry run for the band's album Face to Face, which displayed Davies' growing ability to craft gentle yet cutting narrative songs about everyday life and people.1 Hopkins returned for the sessions to play various keyboard instruments, including mellotron and harpsichord. He played on the band's next two studio albums as well, and featured on a number of their live BBC recordings before joining The Jeff Beck Group in 1968.32 The Kinks' next single, a social commentary piece, "Dead End Street", was released at the same time as Face to Face and became another UK Top 10 hit,36 though it reached only number 73 in the United States.4 Music scholar Johnny Rogan described it as "a kitchen sink drama without the drama—a static vision of working class stoicism".36 One of the group's first promotional music videos was produced for the song. It was filmed on Little Green Street, a small 18th-century lane in North London, located off Highgate Road in Kentish Town.37

The Golden Age (1967–1972)
"Waterloo Sunset"
"Waterloo Sunset" (1967), one of The Kinks' most famous songs, was recorded very quickly. Backing vocals by Dave Davies, Pete Quaife, and Ray's wife, Rasa, were laid down first, followed by Ray's lead vocal track, all in the span of ten hours.38
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The Kinks' next single, "Waterloo Sunset", was released in May 1967. The lyrics describe two lovers passing over a bridge, with a melancholic observer reflecting on the couple, the Thames, and Waterloo Station.3940 The song was rumoured to have been inspired by the romance between two British celebrities of the time, actors Terence Stamp and Julie Christie.414243 Ray Davies denied this in his autobiography, and claimed in a 2008 interview, "It was a fantasy about my sister going off with her boyfriend to a new world and they were going to emigrate and go to another country."4044 The single was one of the group's biggest UK successes, reaching number two on Melody Maker's chart,41 and went on to become one of their most popular and best-known. Pop music journalist Robert Christgau called it "the most beautiful song in the English language",45 and Allmusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited it as "possibly the most beautiful song of the rock and roll era."46

The songs on the 1967 album Something Else By The Kinks developed the musical progressions of Face to Face, adding English music hall influences to the band's sound.47 Dave Davies scored a major UK chart success with the album's "Death of a Clown". While it was co-written by Ray Davies and recorded by The Kinks, it was also released as a Dave Davies solo single.447 Overall, however, the album received a disappointing commercial reception, prompting The Kinks to rush out a new single, "Autumn Almanac", in early October. Backed with "Mr. Pleasant", the single quickly became another Top 5 success for the group. Andy Miller points out that, despite its success, the single marks a turning point in the band's career—it would be their last entry into the UK Top Ten for three years: "In retrospect, 'Autumn Almanac' marked the first hint of trouble for The Kinks. This glorious single, one of the greatest achievements of British 60's pop, was widely criticised at the time for being too similar to previous Davies efforts."48 Nick Jones of Melody Maker asked, "Is it time that Ray stopped writing about gray suburbanites going about their fairly unemotional daily business? ... Ray works to a formula, not a feeling, and it's becoming rather boring."48 Disc jockey Mike Ahern called the song "a load of rubbish".49 Dave's second solo single, "Susannah's Still Alive", was released in the UK on November 24. It sold a modest 59,000 copies, but failed to reach the Top 10. Miller states that "by the end of the year, The Kinks were rapidly sliding out of fashion."48

Beginning early in 1968, the group retired from touring, instead focusing on work in the studio. As the band was not available to promote their material, subsequent releases found little success.50 The Kinks' next single, "Wonderboy", released in the spring of 1968, stalled at number 36 and became the band's first single not to make the UK Top Twenty since their early covers.51 Despite this, it became a favourite of John Lennon of The Beatles.52 According to Ray Davies, "Someone had seen John Lennon in a club and he kept on asking the disc jockey to play 'Wonder Boy' sic over and over again".53 However, the band's own opinion of the track was low—Pete Quaife later stated, "[I] hated it ... it was horrible."52 Davies continued to pursue his deeply personal songwriting style while rebelling against the heavy demands placed on him to keep producing commercial hits.1 At the end of June, The Kinks released the single "Days", the last recording produced by the group's original lineup. It reached number 12 in the United Kingdom and was a Top 20 hit in several other countries, but it did not chart in the United States.54

Their next album, The Kinks Are the Village Green Preservation Society, was released in late 1968 in the UK.55 It was greeted with almost unanimously positive reviews from both UK and US rock critics, yet failed to sell strongly. Although only an estimated 100,000 copies sold worldwide, the album has since become The Kinks' best-selling original record.5556 A collection of thematic vignettes of English town and hamlet life, it was assembled from songs written and recorded over the previous two years.55 The album's deliberately understated production contrasted with the extravagant style then in vogue. Furthermore, it did not contain a popular single; "Starstruck" was released in North America and continental Europe, but charted only in the Netherlands.5557 Village Green, while commercially unsuccessful, was embraced by the new underground rock press on its release in January 1969, particularly in the United States, where The Kinks began to acquire a reputation as a cult band.58 In The Village Voice, a newly hired Robert Christgau called it "the best album of the year so far".58 Boston's underground paper Fusion published a review stating, "The Kinks continue, despite the odds, the bad press and their demonstrated lot, to come across ... Their persistence is dignified, their virtues are stoic. The Kinks are forever, only for now in modern dress."58 The record did not escape criticism, however. In the student paper California Tech, one writer commented that it was "schmaltz rock", and that it was "without imagination, poorly arranged, and a poor copy of The Beatles".58 The album remains popular; in 2004, it was re-released in a 3-CD "Deluxe" edition and an album track, "Picture Book", was featured in a popular Hewlett-Packard television commercial, helping to boost the album's popularity considerably.59

A black-and-white photograph of four men siting or standing next to each other. The man furthest left gazes upwards; he wears a black leather suit. The man to the right is seated, wears black, and stares towards the left. Behind and to the right of him stands another man, barely visible and staring straight ahead; he wears white. Next to him, and furthest right, stands a man dressed in white; his gaze is turned towards the left of the image, and his face is viewed in profile. All men stand in front of a black background.
With the newly hired John Dalton in 1969. From left: Dave Davies, Ray Davies, Dalton, Mick Avory.

In early 1969, Quaife told the band he was leaving.60 The other members did not take his statement seriously, until an article appeared in New Musical Express on 4 April featuring Quaife's new band, Maple Oak, which he had formed without telling the rest of The Kinks.606162 Ray Davies pled with him to return for the sessions for their upcoming album, but Quaife refused.63 Davies immediately called up John Dalton, who had filled in for Quaife in the past, as a replacement. Dalton remained with the group until 1977, when the album Sleepwalker was released.63

Ray Davies travelled to Los Angeles, California, in April 1969 to help negotiate an end to the American Federation of Musicians' ban on the group, opening up an opportunity for them to return to touring in America.64 The group's management quickly made plans for a North American tour, to help restore their standing in the US pop music scene.65 Before their return to the United States, The Kinks recorded another album, Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire).66 As with the previous two albums, Arthur was grounded in characteristically English lyrical and musical hooks.66 It was a modest commercial success, but was well received by music critics in America.466 Conceived as the score for a proposed but unrealised television drama, much of the album revolved around themes from the Davies brothers' childhood; their sister Rosie, who had migrated to Australia in the early 1960s with her husband, Arthur Anning (the album's namesake); and life growing up during the Second World War.6667 The Kinks embarked on their tour of the US in October 1969.65 The tour fell apart as the group struggled to find cooperative promoters and concertgoers; many of the scheduled concert dates were cancelled. The band did, however, manage to play at the Fillmore East, a major underground venue, and for one night at Carnegie Hall.65
"Lola"
Ray Davies created the "clang" at the beginning of "Lola" (1970) by combining the sounds of a National Steel guitar and a Martin guitar.68
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The band added keyboardist John Gosling to their line-up in early 1970.69 Until then, Nicky Hopkins, along with Ray, had done most of the session work on keyboards. In May 1970, Gosling debuted with The Kinks on "Lola", an account of a confused romantic encounter with a transvestite, that became both a UK and US Top 10 hit, helping return The Kinks to the public eye.6970 The lyrics originally contained the word "Coca-Cola", and as a result the BBC refused to broadcast the song, considering it to be in violation of their policy against product placement.69 Part of the song was hastily re-recorded by Ray Davies, with the offending line changed to the generic "cherry cola".69 The group's accompanying album Lola Versus Powerman and the Moneygoround, Part One was released in November 1970. It was a critical and commercial success, charting in the Top 40 in America, making it their most successful album since the mid-1960s.7172 After the success of "Lola", the band went on to release Percy in 1971, a soundtrack album to a film of the same name about a penis transplant.73 The majority of the album consisted of instrumentals, and did not receive positive reviews.73 The band's US label, Reprise, declined to release it in America, precipitating a major dispute that contributed to the band's departure from that label.73 Directly after the release of the album, the band's contracts with Pye and Reprise expired.173

A black-and-white image of five smiling men in a row, diagonal to camera angle. The man on the left (farthest to the back) has very long hair and a full beard; he wears a white T-shirt and tie-dyed pants. Next to him, Dave Davies, also with very long hair, wears reflective sunglasses, a black short-sleeved shirt, and jeans. In the middle, Mick Avory wears an unbuttoned leather vest and white pants. The man to his right wears a heavy, probably brown leather jacket with a design that is possibly Native American. On the far right, in front, Ray Davies wears a giant paisley kerchief knotted like a tie, over a white jacket.
The Kinks, ca. 1971. From left: John Gosling, Dave Davies, Mick Avory, John Dalton, Ray Davies (the band's lineup 1970–1976, 1978).

Before the end of 1971, The Kinks signed a five-album deal with RCA Records and received a million dollar advance, which helped fund the construction of their own recording studio, Konk.174 Their debut for RCA, Muswell Hillbillies, was replete with country, bluegrass, and music hall influences. It is often hailed as their last great record, though it was not as successful as its predecessors.74 It was named after the Davies brothers' birthplace in Muswell Hill and contained songs focusing on working-class life and the Davies' own childhood.74 Muswell Hillbillies, despite positive reviews and high expectations, peaked at number 48 on the Record World chart and number 100 on the Billboard chart.474 It was followed in 1972 by a double album, Everybody's in Show-Biz, which consisted of both studio tracks and live numbers recorded during a two-night stand at Carnegie Hall.75 The record featured the ballad "Celluloid Heroes" and the Caribbean-themed "Supersonic Rocket Ship", their last UK Top 20 hit for more than a decade.75 "Celluloid Heroes" was a bittersweet rumination on dead Hollywood stars in which Ray Davies admits that he wishes his life were like a movie, "because celluloid heroes never feel any pain ... and celluloid heroes never really die."7576 The album was moderately successful in the United States, peaking at number 47 in Record World and number 70 in Billboard.475 It marks the transition between the band's early 1970s rock material and the theatrical incarnation in which they immersed themselves for the next four years.75

Theatrical incarnation (1973–1976)

A grinning man stands with his arms spread wide. He bends his elbows and folds them towards his body, creating a shrug expression. He is wearing an abstract, patchwork, bathrobe-like coat, with black pants and shoes. He holds a cigar in his right hand, and wears a straw hat.
Ray Davies in character as Flash, the anti-hero of the Preservation series77

In 1973, Ray Davies dived headlong into the theatrical style, beginning with the rock opera Preservation, a sprawling chronicle of social revolution, and a more ambitious outgrowth of the earlier Village Green Preservation Society ethos.7879 In conjunction with the Preservation project, The Kinks' lineup was expanded to include a horn section and female backup singers, essentially reforming the group as a theatrical troupe.178

Ray's marital problems during this period began to affect the band adversely,79 particularly after his wife, Rasa, took their children and left him in late 1973.80 Davies went into a state of depression, culminating in a public outburst during a gig in White City Stadium.80 According to a Melody Maker review of the concert, "Davies swore on stage. He stood at The White City and swore that he was 'F...... sic sick of the whole thing'. ... He was 'Sick up to here with it' ... and those that heard shook their heads. Mick just ventured a disbelieving smile, and drummed on through 'Waterloo Sunset.'"81 Davies proceeded to try to announce that The Kinks were breaking up, but this attempt was foiled by the group's publicity management, who pulled the plug on the microphone system.8081 He subsequently collapsed after a drug overdose and was rushed to hospital.8082 Dave Davies later commented in an interview about the incident:

God, that was horrible. That was when Ray tried to top himself. I thought he looked a bit weird after the show—I didn't know that he'd taken a whole bloody bottle of weird-looking psychiatric pills. It was a bad time. Ray suddenly announced that he was going to end it all—it was around that time that his first wife left him. ... She'd left him and taken the kids on his birthday, just to twist the blade in a little more. ... I think he took the pills before the show. I said to him towards the end that he was getting a bit crazy. I didn't know what happened—I suddenly got a phone call saying he was in the hospital. I remember going to the hospital after they'd pumped his stomach and it was bad.83

With Ray Davies in seemingly critical condition, plans were discussed for Dave to continue as frontman in a worst-case scenario.83 Ray eventually pulled through and recovered from his illness as well as his depression, but throughout the remainder of The Kinks' theatrical incarnation the band's output remained uneven, and their already fading popularity dropped even further.8284 John Dalton later commented that when Davies "decided to work again ... I don't think he was totally better, and he's been a different person ever since."83

Preservation: Act 1 was released in late 1973 to generally poor reviews, although its live performances fared better with the critics.7885 Preservation: Act 2, the sequel to Act 1, appeared in the summer of 1974 to a similar reception.86 It was the first album recorded at Konk Studio; from this point forward, virtually every Kinks studio recording was produced by Ray Davies at Konk.7987 Davies soon began another musical for Granada Television titled Starmaker.88 After a broadcast with Ray Davies in the starring role and The Kinks as both back-up band and ancillary characters, the project eventually morphed into the concept album The Kinks Present a Soap Opera, released in May 1975, in which Ray Davies fantasized about what would happen if a rock star traded places with a "normal Norman" and took a 9–5 job.8889 In August 1975, The Kinks recorded their final theatrical work, Schoolboys in Disgrace, a backstory biography of Preservation's capitalist overlord Mr. Flash.9091 The record was a modest success, peaking at number 45 on the Billboard charts.491 Following the termination of their contract with RCA, The Kinks signed with Arista Records in 1976. With the encouragement of Arista's management they stripped back down to a five-man core group and were reborn as an arena rock band.190 During this period, heavy metal band Van Halen achieved a Top 40 hit with a cover of "You Really Got Me" (their subsequent debut album, Van Halen, which included the track, hit number 19 on Billboard), boosting The Kinks' commercial resurgence.92

Return to commercial success (1977–1985)

Three people stand onstage next to each other singing. The man in the middle wears white clothes and on either side is a woman wearing black.
Ray Davies and backup singers, at Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, 29 April 1977

John Dalton left the band before finishing the sessions for the debut Arista album. Andy Pyle was brought in to complete the sessions and to play on the subsequent tour.1 Sleepwalker was released in 1977, providing a return to success for the group as it peaked at number 21 on the Billboard chart.493 Soon after its release and the recording of its followup, Misfits, Andy Pyle and keyboardist John Gosling left the group to work together on a separate project.94 Dalton returned to complete the tour and ex-Pretty Things keyboardist Gordon John Edwards joined the band.94 In May 1978, Misifts, The Kinks' second Arista album, was released. It included the US Top 40 hit "A Rock 'n' Roll Fantasy",94 which helped make the record another success for the band. Dalton left the band permanently at the end of their UK tour, and Gordon John Edwards soon followed. Ex-Argent bassist Jim Rodford joined the band before the recording of Low Budget, on which Ray Davies played the keyboard sections. Former Life keyboardist Ian Gibbons was recruited for the subsequent tour, and soon become a permanent member of the group. Despite the personnel changes, the popularity of the band's records and live shows continued to grow.

Beginning in the late 1970s, New Wave bands like The Jam ("David Watts"), The Pretenders ("Stop Your Sobbing"), and The Knack ("The Hard Way") recorded successful covers of Kinks songs, which helped to promote the group's new releases.12 The hard rock sound of Low Budget, released in 1979, helped make it the group's second gold album and highest charting original album in America, where it peaked at number 11.124 In 1980, the group's third live album, One for the Road, was produced, along with a video of the same title, bringing the group's concert-drawing power to a peak that would last into 1983.12 Dave Davies also took advantage of the group's improved commercial standing to fulfill his decade-long solo ambitions to release albums of his own work, including the eponymous Dave Davies in 1980. It was also known by its catalogue number "AFL1-3603" because of its cover art, which depicted Dave Davies as a leather-jacketed piece of price-scanning barcode. He produced another, less successful, solo album in 1981, titled Glamour.9596
"Come Dancing"
"Come Dancing" (1982), The Kinks' last major hit single, incorporated nostalgic music hall and big band styles. The song reached number six in the US and number 12 in the UK.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

The next Kinks album, Give the People What They Want, was released in late 1981 and reached number 15 in the US.97 The record attained gold status and featured the UK hit single "Better Things" as well as "Destroyer", a major Mainstream Rock hit for the group.497 To promote the album, The Kinks spent the rest of 1981 and the majority of 1982 touring relentlessly,2 and played multiple sell-out concerts throughout Australia, Japan, England, and America.98 The tour culminated with a performance at the US Festival in San Bernardino, California, for a crowd of 205,000.99 In spring 1983, the song "Come Dancing" became their biggest American hit since "Tired of Waiting for You", peaking at number six.4 It also became the group's first Top 20 hit in the UK since 1972, peaking at number 12 in the charts.100 The accompanying album, State of Confusion, was another commercial success, reaching number 12 in the US, but, like all of the group's albums since 1967, it failed to chart in the UK.101 Another single released from the record, "Don't Forget to Dance", became a US top 30 hit, and minor UK chart entry.4

A man stands onstage with a guitar strapped across his chest. It hangs limp and unused, as he is focusing on singing into a microphone directly in front of him, which he grasps with his left hand. He wears a black-and-white, vertically striped suit.
Ray Davies in Brussels, 1985, as the group's popularity began to dwindle

The Kinks' second wave of popularity remained at a peak with State of Confusion, but that success soon begin to fade, a trend that also affected their British rock contemporaries The Rolling Stones and The Who at the time.100102103 During the second half of 1983, Ray Davies started work on an ambitious solo film project, Return to Waterloo, about a London commuter who daydreams that he is a serial murderer.104105 The film gave actor Tim Roth a significant early role.105 Davies' commitment to writing, directing, and scoring the new work caused tension in his relationship with his brother.106 Another problem was the stormy end of the relationship between Ray Davies and Chrissie Hynde.107 The old feud between Dave Davies and drummer Mick Avory also re-ignited. Davies eventually refused to work with Avory,107 and called for him to be replaced by Robert Henrit, former drummer of Argent (of which Jim Rodford had also been a member).107 Avory left the band, and Bob Henrit was brought in to take his place. Ray Davies, who was still on amiable terms with Avory, invited him to manage Konk Studios. Avory accepted, and continued to serve as a producer and occasional contributor on later Kinks albums.107 Between the completion of Return to Waterloo and Avory's departure, the band had begun work on the album Word of Mouth, released in November 1984. As a result it features Avory on three tracks,107 and a drum machine on the rest.108 Many of the songs featured on the record had already been included as solo recordings in Ray Davies' companion album for Return to Waterloo.104 Word of Mouth, The Kinks' final Arista album, featured "Do it Again"; released as a single in April 1985, it reached number 41 in the US, the band's last entry into the Billboard Hot 100.108 Coinciding with the 19 November release of Word of Mouth, the first three books on The Kinks were published; The Kinks: The Official Biography, The Kinks Kronikles, and The Kinks—The Sound And The Fury.109 The Kinks: The Official Biography was published by Faber and Faber and written by Jon Savage, who drew on extensive research and interviews with members of the band.110 Ray Davies was initially open to its publication, and he collaborated with Savage and his agent to set up the original book deal. However, Davies changed his mind in October 1984, and made "three attempts" to halt the book's release. The Observer reported that "The first was an objection to the text, even though the singer had approved it earlier ... Then there came a threatened injunction ... because of objections to some of the photographs. Then there was a curious demand that Fabers should pay £50,000 permission fee for quoting some lyrics."109 Faber and Faber dismissed the threats, and proceeded with publication.109 The Kinks Kronikles followed soon after, written by John Mendelsohn, an occasional Los Angeles Times Book Review, Rolling Stone, and Creem contributor. Mendelsohn also compiled and wrote the liner notes to The Kinks' 1972 "best of" album of the same name.111 The Kinks—The Sound And The Fury (entitled The Kinks—A Mental Institution in the US) was written by Johnny Rogan and published by Elm Tree.112

Fall in popularity and split (1986–1996)

In early 1986, the group signed with MCA Records in the United States and London Records in the UK.7108 Their first album for the new labels, Think Visual, released later that year, was a moderate success, peaking at number 81 on the Billboard albums chart.47113 Songs like the ballad "Lost and Found" and "Working at the Factory" concerned blue-collar life on an assembly line while the title track was an attack on the very MTV video culture from which the band had profited earlier in the decade.114 The Kinks followed Think Visual in 1987 with another live album, The Road, which was a mediocre commercial and critical performer.4 In 1989, The Kinks released UK Jive, a commercial failure, only making a momentary entry into the album charts at number 122.4 MCA Records ultimately dropped them, leaving The Kinks scrambling to find a label deal for the first time in over a quarter of a century. Longtime keyboardist Ian Gibbons left the group and was replaced by Mark Haley.115

In 1990, their first year of eligibility, The Kinks were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.2 Mick Avory and Pete Quaife were present for the award.2115 The induction, however, did not resuscitate The Kinks' stalled career. A compilation from the MCA Records period was produced in 1991, titled Lost & Found (1986-1989). It was primarily released to fulfill contractual obligations, and marked the official ending of the group's relationship with MCA.7 The band then signed with Columbia Records and released the 5-song EP Did Ya in 1991 which, despite being coupled with a new studio re-recording of the band's 1968 British hit "Days", failed to chart.47

The Kinks reverted to a four-piece band for the recording of their Columbia debut, Phobia, in 1993.115116 Following Mark Haley's departure after the band's sellout performance at the Royal Albert Hall, London, Gibbons rejoined The Kinks for a US tour.115 "Phobia" managed only one week in the US Billboard chart at number 166;4115 as had by then become usual for the band, it made no impression on the UK chart.116 One single, "Only a Dream", narrowly failed to reach the UK chart. "Scattered", the album's final candidate for release as a single, was announced, followed by TV and radio promotion, but the record was unavailable in stores—several months later a small number appeared on the collector market.116 The group was dropped by Columbia in 1994.116 In the same year, the band released the first version of the album To the Bone on their own Konk label in the UK. This live album was partly recorded on the highly successful UK tours of 1993 and 1994 and partly in the Konk studio, before a small, invited audience.117 Two years later the band released a new, improved, live double CD set in the USA, which retained the same name and contained two new studio tracks, "Animal" and "To The Bone". The CD set also featured new treatments of many old Kinks' hits.117 The record drew respectable press but failed to chart in either the US or the UK.4117

The band's profile rose considerably in the mid-1990s, primarily as a result of the "Britpop" boom.1117 Several of the most prominent bands of the decade cited The Kinks as a major influence. Blur frontman Damon Albarn and Oasis' chief songwriter Noel Gallagher especially stressed that The Kinks were one of the bands that made the biggest impact on their songwriting as well as their development as artists and musicians. Gallagher declared The Kinks the 5th best band of all time.118 However, despite such accolades, the group's commercial viability continued to decline.1 They gradually became less active, leading Ray and Dave Davies to pursue their own interests. Each released an autobiography; Ray's X-Ray was published in early 1995, and Dave responded with his memoir Kink, published a year later.119 The Kinks gave their last public performance in mid-1996,116 and the group assembled for what would turn out to be their last time together at a party for Dave's 50th birthday. Kinks chronicler and historian Doug Hinman stated, "The symbolism of the event was impossible to overlook. The party was held at the site of the brothers' very first musical endeavour, the Clissold Arms pub, across the street from their childhood home on Fortis Green in North London."120

Solo work and potential reunion (1997–present)

A man, wearing blue, plays an electric guitar and gazes down on the ground.
Dave Davies at the Dakota Creek Roadhouse, 2002

The band members subsequently focused on solo projects, and Ray and Dave released their own studio albums.119 Talk of a Kinks reunion circulated (including an aborted studio reunion of the original band members in 1999), but neither Ray nor Dave Davies showed significant interest in playing together again.116 Meanwhile, former members John Gosling, John Dalton, and Mick Avory had regrouped in 1994 and started performing on the oldies circuit along with guitar-player/singer Dave Clarke as The Kast Off Kinks.121

Ray Davies released the solo album Storyteller in 1998 (a companion piece to X-Ray). Originally written in 1996 as a cabaret-style show, it celebrated his old band and his estranged brother.122 Seeing the programming possibilities inherent in Ray Davies' music/dialogue/reminiscence format, the American music television network VH1 launched a series of similar projects featuring established rock artists titled VH1 Storytellers.122 Dave Davies spoke favourably of a Kinks reunion in spring 2003,123 and, as the 40th anniversary of the group's breakthrough neared, both of the Davies brothers expressed interest in working together again.124 However, hopes for a reunion were eliminated when in June 2004 Dave suffered a stroke while exiting an elevator, temporarily impairing his ability to speak and play guitar.125 Following Davies' recovery The Kinks were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2005, with all four of the original band members in attendance. The award was presented by The Who's guitarist and songwriter Pete Townshend, a long-time Kinks fan and friend of Ray Davies.126 The induction helped fuel sales for the group; in August 2007, a re-entry of The Ultimate Collection, a compilation of material spanning the band's entire career, reached number 32 in the UK Top 100 album chart and number one in the UK Indie album chart.127

A man sits on a stool, smiling and facing the camera while playing guitar. He wears brown, and the background behind him is black.
Ray Davies performing in Ottawa, 2008

In an interview with BBC Radio 4 on 29 September 2008, Ray Davies said that the band could soon reunite. He declared that he wouldn't participate in a reunited Kinks that were a nostalgia act, and explained, "There is a desire to do it. The thing that would make me decide 'yes' or 'no' would be whether or not we could do new songs." He added that the main barrier to the band getting back together was his brother's condition following his stroke.125 In November 2008, Ray Davies told the BBC that the band was beginning to write new material for a possible reunion, but failed to detail which members were involved.128 Other members of the band, however, have expressed no desire for a reunion. Dave Davies stated in one interview that "it would be like a bad remake of Night of the Living Dead." He added that "Ray has been doing Karaoke Kinks shows since 1996."129 In June 2009, Ray Davies told the Independent that the group had rehearsed and even written new material together, but an official reunion was unlikely. He said, "I will continue to play with ex-band members like Mick Avory from time to time. With Dave, a lot of it is psychological. I’ll guide him in, and coerce and nurture him, and when the time is right I suppose I’ll even shout at him again."130 In December 2009, Ray Davies spoke again about the possibility of reuniting with his brother Dave. "I suggested he do some low-key shows to see how well he can play. If we're going to play together again, we can't hit the road straight away with a big-time announcement ... But, if Dave feels good about it and there's good new material that we can write, it'll happen." 131

Legacy

The Kinks are recognized as one of the most important and influential rock acts of the 1960s.12 Stephen Thomas Erlewine called The Kinks "one of the most influential bands of the British Invasion,"1 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website states that "Ray Davies is almost indisputably rock's most literate, witty and insightful songwriter. Dave Davies, on the other hand, is renowned for his guitar playing ... [with a] pioneering hard-rock style."2 Artists who have been influenced by The Kinks include Van Halen, The Jam, The Pretenders, Oasis, Blur, and Pulp.1

Musical style

The Kinks initially stayed within the boundaries of genres such as R&B and blues, but soon began experimenting with louder rock and hard rock sounds; due to their pioneering of the field, they have often been labeled as "the original punks".132133 Dave Davies became bored with the traditonal "clean" guitar style of the period; in search of a louder, more biting sound, he famously split the speaker cone of his Elpico amplifier (nicknamed "the little green amp"): "I started to get really frustrated [with the amp's sound], and I said, 'I know! I'll fix you!' I got a single-sided Gillette razorblade and cut ... [from the centre to the edge of the] cone ... so it was all shredded but still on there, still intact. I played and I thought it was amazing."134 The jagged sound of the amplifier was replicated in the studio; the Elpico was plugged into a larger Vox AC30, and the resulting effect became a mainstay in The Kinks' early recordings—most notably "You Really Got Me" and "All Day and All of the Night".1

However, the group soon abandoned its R&B and hard rock leanings. From 1966 onward,1 The Kinks came to be known for their adherence to traditions of English music and culture, during a period when many other British groups dismissed their heritage in favor of American blues, R&B, and pop styles.1 Ray Davies recalled that at a distinct moment in 1965 he decided to break away from the American scene, and write more introspective and intelligent songs. "I decided I was going to use words more, and say things. I wrote 'Well Respected Man'. That was the first real word-oriented song I wrote. ... [I also] abandoned any attempt to Americanise my accent."135 The Kinks' allegiance to English styles was strengthened by the ban placed on them by the American Federation of Musicians. The ban cut them off from the American record buying public, the world's largest musical market,1 forcing them to focus on Britain and mainland Europe. The Kinks expanded on and exploited their English sound throughout the remainder of the 1960s, fusing music hall and folk, and creating some of the most influential and important music of the period.1 Pete Townshend of The Who was particularly influenced by the group's British sound. "The Kinks were ... quintessentially English. I always think that Ray Davies should one day be Poet Laureate. He invented a new kind of poetry and a new kind of language for Pop writing that influenced me from the very, very, very beginning. I think that Dave Davies is also very underestimated."136

Beginning with Everybody's In Show-biz (1972), Ray Davies began exploring theatrical concepts and ideas on the group's albums; these themes became manifest on the 1973 album Preservation Act 1 and continued through Schoolboys In Disgrace (1976), in what is referred to as the the band's "theatrical incarnation".137 The Kinks found little success with these conceptual works, and reverted to a traditional rock format throughout the remainder of the 1970s; Sleepwalker (1977) heralded a return to commercial success and a slicker and more mainstream production.93 The band returned to hard rock for Low Budget (1979), and continued to record within the genre throughout the remainder of their career.1

Charts and awards

The Kinks had five Top 10 singles on the US Billboard chart. Nine of their albums charted in the Top 40.7 In the UK, the group had fourteen Top 20 singles on the New Musical Express chart along with five Top 10 albums.8 Among numerous honours, they received the Ivor Novello Award for "Outstanding Service to British Music".9 In 1990, their first year of eligibility, the original four members of The Kinks were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.23 The Kinks were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in November 2005.126

Documentation, unreleased material, and outtakes

Unlike contemporaries such as The Beatles, whose recording legacies are well-preserved, almost no studio documentation of The Kinks' recording history from the 1960s survives.138 Ray Davies is known to have kept a diary,139 but he has yet to allow public scrutiny of it.138 For recorded material, Pye Records, unlike larger labels like EMI, kept very few of The Kinks' session tapes, acetates, and outtakes—most were destroyed, wiped or recorded over by the mid 1980s.140 From the RCA period onwards, both documentation and tapes were preserved, mainly because The Kinks were given creative license at their own Konk Studios, but, as Doug Hinman notes, "Until and unless there is some access to the vaults of Konk Studios, this aspect of The Kinks recording legacy will remain far from definitive."140

Personnel

Musician Dates Active Role
Ray Davies Feb 1964–1996 lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica, keyboards, lead songwriting
Dave Davies Feb 1964–1996 lead guitar, harmony vocals, occasional lead vocals and songwriting
Mick Avory Feb 1964–1984 drums and percussion
Pete Quaife Feb 1964–June 1966, Nov 1966–Mar 1969 bass guitar, backup vocals
Nicky Hopkins 1965–1968 keyboards (session)
John Dalton June–Nov 1966, Apr 1969–1976, 1978 bass guitar, backup vocals
John Gosling 1970–1978 keyboards
Andy Pyle 1976–1978 bass guitar
Gordon John Edwards 1978 keyboards, backup vocals
Jim Rodford 1978–1996 bass guitar, backup vocals
Ian Gibbons 1979–1989, 1993–1996 keyboards, backup vocals
Bob Henrit 1984–1996 drums and percussion
Mark Haley 1989–1993 keyboards, backup vocals

Discography

The Kinks portal
Main article: The Kinks discography
Studio albums

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Erlewine, Stephen. "The Kinks Biography on All Music.com". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:5q6wtr59kl5x~T1. Retrieved 20 November 2009. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: The Kinks". 2007. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/the-kinks. Retrieved 20 November 2009. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f "The Kinks". Blender.com. http://www.blender.com/guide/48163/kinks.html?blenderpublickey=6LcX_AgAAAAAAOmIZ3eYQ09FvLIaVVTBvUNc4zLf. Retrieved 8 December 2009. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Charts And Awards". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3ifoxqe5ldse~T5. Retrieved 20 November 2009. 
  5. ^ a b "The Kinks Biography on RollingStone.com". http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thekinks/biography. Retrieved 20 November 2009. 
  6. ^ Hinman, Doug (2004). pp. 330–352
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Discography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:3ifoxqe5ldse~T2. Retrieved 25 November 2009. 
  8. ^ a b Rogan, Johnny (2004). General; Chart Positions.
  9. ^ a b Hinman, Doug (2004). p. 303
  10. ^ a b Hinman, Doug (2004). p. 6
  11. ^ a b Kitts, Thomas (2007). pp. 1–5
  12. ^ Kitts, Thomas (2007). p. 5
  13. ^ a b Hinman, Doug (2004). p. 8
  14. ^ Ewbank and Hildred, Rod Stewart: The New Biography, p. 7.
  15. ^ a b Hinman (2004). p. 9
  16. ^ a b Kitts, Thomas (2007). pp. 23–30
  17. ^ Hinman, Doug (2004) p. 12
  18. ^ a b Hinman (2004). pp. 9–20
  19. ^ a b Hinman, Doug (2004). pp. 17–20
  20. ^ Hinman, Doug (2004). pp. 18–22
  21. ^ Hinman, Doug (2004). p. 31
  22. ^ a b c Rogan, Johnny (1998). p. 10
  23. ^ a b c Sullivan, Denise. "You Really Got Me". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:0zfrxq9aldfe. Retrieved 25 November 2009. 
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  25. ^ Hinman, Doug (2004). p. 47
  26. ^ a b c d e Kitts, Thomas (2007). p. 58
  27. ^ a b c d Hinman, Doug (2004) p. 55
  28. ^ Alterman, Loraine. Who Let the Kinks In?. Rolling Stone, 18 December 1969
  29. ^ Crouse, Timothy. The British Scourge. Show Guide Magazine, 1969.
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  43. ^ "Julie Christie: Still Our Darling". Sunday Telegraph. 3 February 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/02/03/sv_juliechristie.xml&page=2. Retrieved 27 November 2009. 
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  49. ^ Miller, Andy (2003). p. 15
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References

  • Bellman, Jonathan (1998). The Exotic in Western Music. Lebanon, NH: UPNE. ISBN 1555533191. 
  • Davies, Ray (1995). X-Ray. New York, NY: Overlook Press. ISBN 0879516119. 
  • Davies, Dave (1996). Kink. New York, NY: Hyperion. ISBN 0786882697. 
  • Hinman, Doug (2004). The Kinks: All Day and All of the Night. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 087930765X. 
  • Kitts, Thomas (2007). Ray Davies: Not Like Everybody Else. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 041597769X. 
  • Martin, Neville; Hudson, Jeff (2007). The Kinks. London, UK: Sanctuary Publishing. ISBN 1860743870. 
  • Miller, Andy (2003). The Kinks are the Village Green Preservation Society. London, UK: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0826414982. 
  • Rogan, Johnny (1998). The Complete Guide to the Music of The Kinks. London, UK: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0711963142. 
  • Strong, Martin (2006). The Essential Rock Discography. New York, NY: Open City Books. ISBN 1841958603. 
  • Weisbard, Eric (2004). This is Pop: In Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project. Milwaukee, WI: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674013212. 

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